According to the human rights organization HRANA, at least seven cafes and restaurants were shut down on July 19 alone for allegedly failing to comply with mandatory hijab rules.
Previously, some media outlets, including Javan, a newspaper affiliated with the , have described cafes as "gathering places for protesters" who, in their view, pose a threat to
Most recently, the "Vanak Park" cafes in Tehran were sealed, resulting in at least 200 people losing their jobs.
Authorities believe cafes, because of their widespread presence and popularity, could play a role in organizing mass protests.
The government's fears are rooted in the latest wave of protests in Iran, which
Iranian women unveiled: A shift in hijab enforcement?
Supreme Court has now upheld the sentence of Sadegh Saedinia, the owner of the cafe chain, to 12 years and six months in prison, along with the confiscation of his assets.
He was arrested over his support for the protests, and all branches of his cafe chain were confiscated and shut down by judicial order.
Other cafes, including "Lamiz" and "Voria," faced a broadly similar fate. Voria is owned by a prominent Iranian footballer. Both were sealed by judicial order because of their indirect support for calls to protest. Cafe closures have not been confined to periods of protest, however, and the practice continues.
The rise of the cafe culture
Tehran has seen a surge in the number of cafes over the past decade, rising from around 300 in the early 2010s to as many as 4,000 now, according to various estimates.
Some experts attribute the growing number to changes in urban lifestyles in recent years. They see this as more than the expansion of a particular type of business and describe it as a sign of wider social and cultural changes within Iranian society.
"The explosive growth of cafes in society can, to some extent, be seen as a social response to living in a state of chronic crisis," Saba Alaleh, a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst whose work focuses on political and social issues, told DW's Persian service.
"In such circumstances, people are not simply looking to consume or be entertained. They are looking for a place to temporarily distance themselves from the pressures of everyday life," she said.
"In this sense, the cafe becomes a third space. It is neither home nor the workplace, but a space between the two where people can briefly step away from their everyday roles and pressures, connect with others, and feel that life is still somewhat manageable and normal. "
